Foreign trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.
In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system.
Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power.
Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their borders.
ما هي التجارة الخارجية؟
Foreign trade is the exchange of goods across national boundaries. Prof. J.L. Hanson said, “An exchange of various specialized commodities and services rendered among the corresponding countries is known as foreign trade.”
Foreign trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether a trade is across a border or not.
The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays, and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system, or a ثقافة مختلفة.
Foreign trade is all about imports and exports. The backbone of any foreign trade between nations is those products and services which are being traded to some other location outside a particular country’s borders.
Some nations are adept at producing certain products at a cost-effective price.
Perhaps it is because they have the labor supply or abundant natural resources which make up the raw materials needed. No matter what the reason, the ability of some nations to produce what other nations want is what makes foreign trade work.
أنواع التجارة الخارجية
يستورد
الاستيراد هو شراء السلع أو الخدمات المصنوعة في بلد آخر. على سبيل المثال، استيراد زيت الطعام من المنتجين الصينيين لبيعه في أفريقيا.
يصدّر
التصدير هو بيع سلع محلية الصنع في بلد آخر. على سبيل المثال، تقوم شركة حميم للملابس بتصدير منتجات الملابس الجاهزة (RMG) إلى الدول الغربية.
إعادة التصدير
When goods are imported from a foreign country and are re-exported to buyers in some other foreign countries, it is called re-export.
For example, Firm/ Readymade Garments located at EPZs imports raw materials (cotton) from Korea and produces Readymade Garments products by Thai cotton and then those products to Canada.
الأسباب / الحاجة / الأهمية / مزايا التجارة الخارجية
توضح النقاط التالية حاجة وأهمية التجارة الخارجية للأمة.
قسم العمل والتخصص
Foreign trade leads to the division of labor and specialization at the world level. Some countries have abundant natural resources.
They should export raw materials and import finished goods from countries which are advanced in skilled manpower. This gives benefits to all the countries and thereby leading to the تقسيم العمل والتخصص.
التخصيص والاستخدام الأمثل للموارد
Due to specialization, unproductive lines can be eliminated, and wastage of resources avoided. In other words, resources are canalized for the production of only those goods, which would give the highest returns.
Thus there is rational allocation and utilization of resources at the international level due to foreign trade.
المساواة في الأسعار
يمكن أن تستقر الأسعار عن طريق التجارة الخارجية. فهو يساعد على الحفاظ على استقرار وضع العرض والطلب، مما يؤدي بدوره إلى استقرار الأسعار، مع مراعاة تكاليف النقل ونفقات التسويق الأخرى.
توافر الاختيارات المتعددة
تساعد التجارة الخارجية في توفير خيار أفضل للمستهلكين. فهو يساعد في توفير أصناف جديدة للمستهلكين في جميع أنحاء العالم.
يضمن الجودة والسلع القياسية
Foreign trade is highly competitive. To maintain and increase the demand for goods, the exporting countries have to keep up the quality of goods.
Thus quality and standardized goods are produced.
يرفع مستوى معيشة الشعب
Imports can facilitate the standard of living of the people. This is because people can have a choice of new and better varieties of goods and services.
By consuming new and better varieties of goods, people can improve their standard of living.
توليد فرص العمل
Foreign trade helps in generating employment opportunities by increasing the mobility of labor and resources. It generates direct employment in the import sector and indirect employment in other sectors of the economy.
Such as Industry, Service Sector (insurance, الخدمات المصرفية، النقل، الاتصالات)، الخ.
تسهيل التنمية الاقتصادية
الواردات تسهل التنمية الاقتصادية للأمة. وذلك لأنه من خلال استيراد السلع الرأسمالية والتكنولوجيا، يمكن لأي بلد أن يولد النمو في جميع قطاعات الاقتصاد والزراعة والصناعة وقطاع الخدمات.
المساعدة أثناء الكوارث الطبيعية
During natural calamities such as earthquakes, floods, famines, etc., the affected countries face the problem of shortage of essential goods.
Foreign trade enables a country to import food grains and medicines from other countries to help the affected people.
يحافظ على موقف ميزان المدفوعات
Every country has to maintain its balance of payment position.
Since every country has to import, which results in an outflow of foreign exchange, it also deals in export for the inflow of foreign exchange.
يجلب السمعة ويساعد على كسب حسن النية
A country which is involved in exports earns goodwill in the international market.
For example, Japan has earned a lot of goodwill in foreign markets due to its exports of quality electronic goods.
يعزز السلام العالمي
Foreign trade brings countries closer. It facilitates the transfer of technology and other assistance from developed countries to developing countries. It brings different countries closer due to economic relations arising out of trade agreements.
Thus, foreign trade creates a friendly atmosphere for avoiding wars and conflicts. It promotes world peace as such countries try to maintain friendly relations among themselves.
مميزات التجارة الخارجية (التصدير / الاستيراد)
الاعتماد على الاستيراد (تعتمد التجارة الخارجية لبلادنا على الاستيراد بسبب ارتفاع الطلب وانخفاض العرض)،
Foreign trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.
In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system.
Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power.
Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their borders.
